Section 69 (last updated 1.11.2022)
Space is always the externality of the object, so that when the internal relations of logic produce the self-identical and contained one-dimensional circle, space is the externalizations of this into three possibilities. These are the dimensions of time in space known as the past, present and future (Law of Mind, 535) These however are not mere moments but are themselves the laws of thought forming three external positions in space.
The laws of thought in external relations take on negative and positive energy determinations. The principle of identity as one external relation takes on the possible locomotion state of 1) positive + positive=positive. The principle of difference as another external relation takes on the possible locomotion state of 2) negative + positive = negative. Finally the principles of their opposition takes on the possible locomotion state of 3) negative+ negative= positive. For example:
Figure: three dimensions of time in space
The one-dimensional circle takes on three external possible motions in space. For example, P,Q,O characterize identify, difference, and opposition as external relations constituting different possibilities in space. For example,
Figure: these are all the possibilities of time in space that take on positions
Q P O
Positive negative negative
Positive positive positive
Positive negative negative
Each of these external relations exhibits a particular possibility of time in space. The contradictions between the logical principles is the source for varying energy states. These external relations of time manifest as the atom. The atom is the basic unit of matter because it is the most stable possible relation between space and time ( Uoregon, Atomic Structure). The photon, which is the particle of light, is a fundamental atom (Uoregon, Quantum physics). According to modern physics, the photon exhibits a “wave-particle dualism” indicating that light is both a particle and a wave. The dual nature of light is based on the primary logic of space in relation with time. For example, the particle property of the photon is characterized by the abstract nature of the period and the wave property of the photon is characterized by the abstract nature of the line. The duality of the photon to behave as both partial and wave is based on the nature of the circle as consisting of the period and the line in the plain.
The opposition between the wave and particle properties of light itself takes on form. The excluded middle of the duality constitutes a whole new determination. Light is the determination that takes its identity as something external and so it is the first self-contained dimension with density (Philosophy of Nature 219). In this way, the form of the photon is logically spherical. In ancient Oriental traditions and today in modern science, light is the primary nature of matter. This is why for instance no object can go faster than the speed of light, because light is the quantitative limit of matter. What about the nature of the atom as the basic unit of matter?
The atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and sometimes neutrons with an electron. For the Greeks the proton means “first” and Aristotle refers to this nature as the “primary” (Meta.I.9.Ross). The proton is the most stable possible external relation of time in space. For example,
According to modern physics, the proton consists of two Up and one Down quarks; but these are really just the determinations of identity and difference that take on energy properties, i.e.the two positives characterize the two up quarks and one negative characterizes the one down quark (Uoregon, Elementary Particles). The determinations of two positives and one negative characterize the quark configuration of the proton. The proton is the most stable possible energy state because it is logically valid. The electron on the other hand has no quark configuration and it is only the negative charge. The electron on its own is pure negation only existing in coordination with the proton.
Electron is an instantaneous point flash- tug and pull
We commonly have the figure of an atom where the electron is orbiting around a proton and neutron. But this characterization is a limited abstraction because it catalogues the properties of the atom as features distinct from each other, when really they are moments of the same happening. for one thing the illustration is two-dimensional, this is a deconstruction of a multi-dimensional entity. For example, an electron is illustrated as circle and a point in that circle denoting a negative, that point on the circle we presume is the electron as an object while the circle is its orbit around the nucleus. The electron however is not an object in the sense of being a concentrated energy point because that is what the proton is.
The electron in its more three-dimensional state forms a sphere around the nucleus, and the “point” aspect of the electron is simply meant to demonstrates its probabilistic nature. It is also incorrect to say that the electron has the probability of popping up anywhere around the nucleus because it is not merely a point of energy but a distribution of energy. The point aspect of the electron is the means from where we measured the electron, and we mistakenly take that as being the electron as a point. The means of measurement has a place on the distribution to derive an abstraction of it, but we assume that this abstraction is the electron as a point. This probabilistic side of the electron as a place anywhere around the nucleus is really the action of flickering, or the sphere coming in and out of existence as an energy source around the nucleus.
The nucleus of the atom consists of a proton and neutron both of which have the same mass but the proton is the active side having an electric side while the neutron in a sense is negative by having no electric charge. Common understanding views the atom as an object and this is influenced by the implicit ontology of atomism in the sciences like physics. Atomism views the atom as consisting of a set of object, or that itself is an object. But if we change this perception and instead view the atom not as an object but as an organism, then we can see probably the interaction between the proton and neutron.
If we just classify proton as being electrically charged and neutron having no charge that tells us nothing about their interaction because after all we do see a progressive change in mass in the proton and neutron as we go up the chemical elements. For example the nucleus of a helium has greater mass than hydrogen, this tells us that the interaction between proton and neutron is making a difference differentiating the chemicals from each other.
Organicism views the atom as an organism who’s behaviour constitutes a change in its physical composition. If we apply the quality of proton and neutron against each other and view them as internal relations belonging to the same entity, then we have the following demonstration: the proton has a positive electric charge and so it determines to move in a certain direction, but the neutron having no charge maintains no determination, which being itself a determination becomes a negative in relation to the proton. So the proton aims to go a certain way but the neutron tugs on the proton and stops it from fully going that way. This changes the determination of the proton, but since it is electrically charged, it now determines in a different way. And this tug and pull between the proton and neutron each maintaining their nature against each other, is conceived by the electron. The electron captures each both the proton and electron make against each other and abstracts that into a distinct moment of an organism. This is a primal system of a Being generator.
The atom is a logical abstraction taken from the nature of internal relations. The atom is not a static unit it is an abstraction taken from a continuous logical determinations. If we look at the nature of the atomic structures of each chemical compound, we see a continuous process whereby each atomic structure is the further logical determination of the previous. For example:
Figure: the progressive transitions of atomic structures
The atomic structures of chemical compounds culminate as a logical series where one atomic structure is the development of the other. If for instance we look at the nature of the hydrogen atom in relation to the helium atom, we see that they are logically related. They are only distinct in that they are different abstractions derived from the same continuous activity. Both atoms are logically connected in that one atom is the development of the other. For example:
Figure: the logical transition of the Hydrogen atom into the Helium atom.
+ = Proton, – = electron, o = neutron
(1) The “elementary electric charge” of an electron is negative [1-e], whereas proton is positive [+1e]. (2) The positive proton in relation to the negative electron stabilizes in relation to each other and forms a neutrally charged neutron. Their interaction together result in a neutron with a [0e] elementary electric charge. (3) The interaction between electron and proton produce a neutron outside the atomic nuclei, which in that state, a neutron is very unstable and starts to decay. In nuclear physic’s, the concept “neutron beta decay” describes the transformation of a neutron into a proton, changing the nuclide type.
The decay of the neutron produces an additional proton. For example, Proton + neutron=proton, this is logically derived,
Neutron- down (-1/3) down (-1/3), up (2/3) =0e
Proton- up (2/3) up (2/3) down (-1/3)= +1e
The two up quarks of the proton balance out with the two down of the neutron leaving the inverse determination of one up and one down, which equals to the following; -1/3 and 2/3= 1/3
1/3 = +1e of a proton
(4) The decay of the neutron transforms into a proton, which emits an electron because the nucleus is only stable with an electron. The electron is the negation that is presupposed by the positive. From the decay of the neutron we have the addition of one new electron and proton to the already pre-existing electron and proton of hydrogen (Berkeley Lab, The Particle Adventure) (5) Since now there is two protons in the nucleus, they presuppose each a neutron so as to be stable otherwise the positively charged nature of the proton will produce a strong repulsive force between the protons in the nucleus therefore distorting the nucleus interactions. The interaction between proton and electron presuppose the neutron as their principle of opposition. The chemical compound helium is the more logically developed structure of the hydrogen.
So far it has been stated that logic takes on geometric form, and these geometric forms correspond to the determination of nature such as space, time and matter. Logical determinations form a continuity of development in nature and this developmental process acquires quantitative mass and qualitative momentum. This is explicit from the atomic structures of chemical compounds fundamental for material substances. It is next only appropriate to explain what is meant by continuity because that will explain how reason operates as the principle of development in the world. More specifically, Pierce’s notion of continuity can be appropriated to explain how the logical forms constitutes a continues series accounting for how qualities develops quantitative properties.
——
If we look at the nature of the atom. We see that each chemical constituent bears a more complex atom number. The fact that certain chemical bear a greater atomic number is not something by mistake. Each chemical compound is a development of the other. This is simply true just by looking at the atomic number of each, each is a continuation of the other.
The basic atom relation is that protons and neutrons are heavier then electrons and are centred and circled by the electron. Such properties of an atom is logical. The relation between the proton and the neutron is the relation of the non-contradiction and excluded middle, whereas the electron is the identity. This derives more complexity when the atomic structure becomes more complex. And the reason why the atomic structure becomes more complex is because the logic of reason is a dialectical process. The dialectic is the process for growth and development.
It is ordinarily understood as a thesis and an antithesis formulate a synthesis. This is a simplification and not an entirely accurate portrayal of it. The dialectic is less ridge then this abstraction of it and more dynamic. It is the discourse of reason- how thought takes its object and how the object is the expression of reason. It is the relationship between the universal and the particular. The particular is the object, the universal is thought. Thought abstracts its idea, and that idea contradicts thought as an complete entity, and thought has to reconcile its idea with all of its thinking.
So thought separates each of its idea into individual moments, and sees how each of those moments make up the whole. This is a developmental process, an infinitesimal continuity, beginning with the very simply idea and advance to the very complex. The separation of ideas is a progressive process starting with the basic and ending with the complex. It does not separate in the same way that we ordinarily take the word to mean. It does not dissect it’s thought, it rather engages in developing its thought. Thought does not exists as already something there to be received like it is for us, it has to produce its thought by reasoning.
With each increase in proton and neutron, we see a greater increase in electron reaction. And with each increase matter is developed.
–The rational development of the atom.
In the atom the neutron and the proton is surrounded by electrons. The neutron has no charge, the proton has a positive charge, and the electrons have negative charge. The unity of the atom with itself seems to be the concept for the object. It is a concept as everything is made up of the atom. The atoms formulate a result, they make up the object, yet they are actually a concept, as they make up an infinite number of different objects. Explicitly it seems that the atom is the result, and modern science views it this way. The atom is seen as the result because it is the objects. However, every object is its own concept, so the atom cannot be the concept.
The concept is the process the atom has with itself to become the object, the atom itself is the enduring object. Once there is the object, what is its concept? Every object has to have a new concept, that result in further objects? Yes, but only for ONE object that is actually the concept. The object that is actually the concept is “self conscious reason”. The atoms are the object for the latter concept. And the concept makes the object to be itself, the concept. What is reality? It is the Concept.
The atom is the result but is itself a process, between the proton, neutron and electrons. Each object is a combination of atoms for a result. The atoms are in a process with themselves. Each process itself is a result. Is every result the same? No, every result is formulated by the atoms in a different way, some things in nature are more complex than others. The difference in complexity asserts a qualitative difference between each atom that is the process. The highest formulated atoms is self conscious being, the human being is the set of atoms that are conscious Of them self. In the emrpical sense, the human being is the highest complex formulations of atoms. For each object to be itself, it has already have gone through a process of being everything else except itself. This is a result in itself, however, It is a result in the process. Everything is already is, but for what. The latter is the process of the result. Self conscious Beings are in the process for the result in itself.
(iPad notes)
If we look at the nature of the atom. We see that each chemical constituent bears a more complex atomic number. The fact that certain chemical bear a greater atomic number is not merely quantitative. Each chemical compound is a development of the other. This is simply true just by looking at the atomic number of each, each is a continuation of the other.
The basic atom relation is that protons and neutrons are heavier then electrons and are centred and circled by the electron. Such properties of an atom is logical. The relation between the proton and the neutron is the relation of the non-contradiction and excluded middle, whereas the electron is the identity. This derives more complexity when the atomic structure becomes more complex. And the reason why the atomic structure becomes more complex is because the logic of reason is a dialectical process. The dialectic is the process for growth and development. It is ordinarily understood as a thesis and an antithesis formulate a synthesis. This is a simplification and not an entirely accurate portrayal of it. The dialectic is less ridge then this abstraction of it and more dynamic. It is the discourse of reason- how thought takes its object and how the object is the expression of reason. It is the relationship between the universal and the particular.
The particular is the object, the universal is thought. Thought abstracts its idea, and that idea contradicts thought as an complete entity, and thought has to reconcile its idea with all of its thinking. So thought separates each of its idea into individual moments, and sees how each of those moments make up the whole. This is a developmental process, an infinitesimal continuity, beginning with the very simply idea and advance to the very complex. The separation of ideas is a progressive process starting with the basic and ending with the complex. It does not separate in the same way that we ordinarily take the word to mean. It does not dissect it’s thought, it rather engages in developing its thought. Thought does not exists as already something there to be received like it is for us, it has to produce its thought by reasoning.
With each increase in proton and neutron, we see a greater increase in electron reaction. And with each increase matter is developed.
Each atomic structure associate with the chemical compound is a dialectical sublation of the previous. This means that the next chemical is the logical resolution of the previous. The movement of this dialectical process is based on the laws of thought. Take for example the very basic chemical hydrogen which is most abundant in the world. Why is it most abundant is due to its logical structure. Hydrogen is colourless, tasteless etc. but highly flammable and can come in every form, such as gaseous, liquid, slush, Metallic, solid. This is the case because hydrogen is indefinite in logical form insofar as it consists of a positively charged proton in relation to a negatively charged electron with no neutral neutrons. This means that it is highly unstable and therefore bears not an exact form in the same way as the following chemicals. However given the logical nature of hydrogen, it’s unstable nature still produces stable result.
Hydrogen
-the positive proton in relation to the negative electron stabilize each other and form a neutral neutron.
– this neutral neutron is indefinite and can act both as positive and negative.
-the electron in relation to the neutron is only left to sees itself and so duplicates into another electron.
-the new extra electron now negates the proton forming another new neutron.
-the neutron now is left with the proton which then the proton sees itself in the neutron and produces an additional proton.
This is step to step of the process:
This logical process of hydrogen result in the new and stable atomic form as such:
This atomic number structure is precisely the structure for helium. Helium has heavier properties then hydrogen and so it takes on stable properties of a thermal conductivity, specific heat, and plasma structure.
-The rational development of the atom.
In the atom the neutron and the proton is surrounded by electrons. The neutron has no charge, the proton has a positive charge, and the electrons have negative charge. The unity of the atom with itself seems to be the concept for the object. It is a concept as everything is made up of the atom. The atoms formulate a result, they make up the object, yet they are actually a concept, as they make up an infinite number of different objects. Explicitly it seems that the atom is the result, and modern science views it this way.
The atom is seen as the result because it is the objects. However, every object is its own concept, so the atom cannot be the concept. The concept is the process the atom has with itself to become the object, the atom itself is the enduring object. Once there is the object, what is its concept? Every object has to have a new concept, that result in further objects? Yes, but only for ONE object that is actually the concept. The object that is actually the concept is “self conscious reason”. The atoms are the object for the latter concept. And the concept makes the object to be itself, the concept. What is reality? It is the Concept.
The atom is the result but is itself a process, between the proton, neutron and electrons. Each object is a combination of atoms for a result. The atoms are in a process with themselves. Each process itself is a result. Is every result the same? No, every result is formulated by the atoms in a different way, some things in nature are more complex than others. The difference in complexity asserts a qualitative difference between each atom that is the process. The highest formulated atoms is self conscious being, the human being is the set of atoms that are conscious Of them self. In the emrpical sense, the human being is the highest complex formulations of atoms. For each object to be itself, it has already have gone through a process of being everything else except itself. This is a result in itself, however, It is a result in the process. Everything is already is, but for what. The latter is the process of the result. Self conscious Beings are in the process for the result in itself.
Atom is the physical law of thought
The atom consists of a nucleus with an electron bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is composed out of protons and sometimes neutrons. The formulation of the atom as a constituents of nucleus with an electron tells us nothing about the nature of the atomic activity. The term proton, neutron and electron are useful abstractions hinting at moments that constitute an active process. The atom is the moment where time and space meet. (Explain Hegel space and time).
An atomic nucleus is basically an equilibrium between two opposing forces. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. The general rule is that Like charges repel and unlike attract. The positive in relation to the negative refers to electric charges because electricity is raw energy. Electromagnetism is only the physical property of force, but what is force as a property of motion? The positive force is usually understood as an outwards motion, which is why it is an activity of repulsion, because it is already coming from a place of identity or attraction. The negative is an inward motion because it is coming from a place of repulsion or difference, and coming together in unity.
The positive force is associated with the proton which according to the Greeks means “first”. The proton is composed of three quarks. Protons are made up of two Up (u) and one Down (D). The U is the lightest form of energy and the D is the heavier. We can say that the U is the outwards motion and the D is the inwards. These opposing motions result in an equilibrium. But how is this equilibrium achieved when there is an unequal quarks? The proton is the force of division and it is defined by the nature of Deduction. Deduction for Peirce is the general law that divides into particular instances. The two U in the proton is the principle of identity that p=p is first necessary. And because P identifies with itself, it reflects itself. The one down is the negation- the law of non-contradiction, p or not-p. The identity of U + U is negated by D as not U, both resolve by the excluded middle, that D as not U is some other force external from the contradiction, this force is the electron. The identity of P=P which in this case is U+ U because what is identical with itself is equally reflects itself, in that 1 must first be equal to 1 before it is added to 1: 1=1 before 1+1. The identity of P is the inversion of Not-P, which is the D quark, which is the negation of P. So if P=P internally the negation is P=not P externally. This is why the atom looks like this:
Since P is the identity, D is the negation and so it is not-P and so it is nothing else but the inverse of P. This inversion is the opposite unity of P=P or U+U. The reason why there is only one D quark in the proton is because the one D is the internal negation, but there is also an external negation, because the law of non-contradiction is the inverse relation to P=P. If p is internally with p, the inverse relation would be p external from not-p.
The electron does not have quarks because it is negation. The electron is the inverse negation of P. If P is the U U, the not P is the inverse so D and the external force of the electron. This inverse process of the proton produces the neutron, which has no electric charge and a higher mass. The reason why neutrons do not have an electric charge because the neutron is defined by induction. The neutrons are the individual variable expression of the proton. The neutron is the antithesis for the proton. Whatever the proton is, the neutron is the fixed abstraction of that.
(Proton)
Neutron)